![]() On 18 November there were more anti-German plots. On 13 November, a bomb exploded in Enver Pasha's palace, which killed five German officers but failed to kill Enver Pasha. ![]() That followed the 12 November revolt in Adrianople against the German military mission. On 11 November a conspiracy was discovered in Constantinople against Germans and the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) in which some of the CUP leaders were shot. The empire fell into disorder with the declaration of war along with Germany. It took less time to arrive at any of those fronts from London than from the Ottoman War Department because of the poor condition of Ottoman supply ships. The Army used Trabzon port as a logistical shortcut to the east. To reach the border with Russia, the railway ran only 60 km east of Ankara, and from there, it was 35 days to Erzurum. It took more than a month to reach Syria and nearly two months to reach Mesopotamia. During Abdul Hamid II's reign civilian communications had improved, but the road and rail network was not ready for war. The great landmass of Anatolia was between the Ottoman army's headquarters in Istanbul and many of the theatres of war. The Ottoman Empire started military action after three months of formal neutrality, but it had signed a secret alliance with the Central Powers in August 1914. Following the attack, Russia declared war on the Ottoman Empire on November 2nd, followed by their allies (Britain and France) declaring war on the Ottoman Empire on November 5th, 1914. The Ottoman entry into World War I began on 29 October 1914 when it launched the Black Sea Raid against Russian ports. Main article: Middle Eastern theatre of World War I These were overturned by the popular war hero Mustafa Kemal, who was also a secularist and later abolished the caliphate. The war led to the end of the caliphate as the Ottoman Empire entered on the side of the war's losers and surrendered by agreeing to "viciously punitive" conditions. In a 2017 article, it was concluded that the declaration, as well as earlier jihad propaganda, had a strong impact on attaining the loyalty of Kurdish tribes, who played a major role in the Armenian and Assyrian genocides. However, other historians point to the 1915 Singapore Mutiny and alleged that the call did have a considerable impact on Muslims around the world. ![]() There were hopes and fears that non-Turkish Muslims would side with Ottoman Turkey, but according to some historians, the appeal did not " the Muslim world", and Muslims did not turn on their non-Muslim commanders in the Allied forces. However, following British victories in the Mesopotamian campaign in 19, enthusiasm declined, and some chieftains like Mudbir al-Far'un adopted a more neutral, if not pro-British, stance. Īrab tribes in Mesopotamia were initially enthusiastic about the edict. That same day, a fatwa (Islamic religious decree) to the same effect was declared by the Fetva Emini (" fatwa consultant", the Ottoman official in charge of dictating tafsir on behalf of the Shaykh al-Islām). The declaration, which called for Muslims to support the Ottomans in Entente-controlled areas and for jihad against "all enemies of the Ottoman Empire, except the Central Powers", was initially drafted on the 11 November and first publicly read out in front of a large crowd on 14 November. In November 1914, Mehmed V, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, declared Jihad (meritorious struggle or effort) against the powers of the Triple Entente during World War I. Declaration of war by the Ottoman Empire on the Entente
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